Information Security Research Paper

Introduction Security management is a wide subject of management associated to assets control, human resources, as well as physical securities safety operations. It comprises the marking of a company’s data assets and the documentation, growth, and execution of regulations, steps, standards, and outlines. In network control, it refers to the set of operations, which protects systems and telecommunications links from illegal access by individuals, organizations, acts, or effects and they entail a number of sub functions like developing, controlling, and deleting security services and approaches. This also involves allocating security-significant data, presenting essential incidents, managing the allocation of main items and authorizing users’ access, privileges, and rights. A virus scanner is a form of antivirus program with the ability of searching a system to detect virus signatures. These detected virus signatures normally attach themselves to executable applications and programs like e-mail clients. Consequently, a virus scanner has the ability of either searching all the executable programs during the period when the system has been booted or scanning a file. File scanning is important in the sense that viruses can also change the data or the information in the file (Burns, 2007). Discussion Control tools like the data categorization, risk evaluation, and risk examination are applied to classify threats, weigh assets and rate system susceptibility in order to successfully management may be executed. With the emergence of e-commerce and public Internet, personal computers alongside computer networks, when not sufficiently supervised, are rousingly susceptible to harmful attacks. Viruses, hackers, malicious workers or even human error entirely demonstrate open and severer dangers to networks. All computer applicants right from highest casual Internet users to big organizations, may be influenced by network security breaks. Nevertheless, security breaks may usually be avoided by use of the readily available virus scanners. Risk or viruses being protected by the scanners refer to any action or occurrence with the ability to cause damage to a company by the exposure, alternation, or harming of data, or through the denial of crucial services (Dennis, et al.,1992). It is clear, therefore, that while the Internet has changed a highly developed the manner in which we conduct business transactions, this enormous network together with its related technologies have opened the door to a rising amount of security dangers that need to be prevented to allow upward business transaction (Brynjolfsson Hitt, 2000). In spite of the expensive danger of prospective security breaks, the Internet may be one of the satisfying approach through which individuals can carry out their businesses. People, usually have fears and suspicions while carrying out online transactions, and from that emerges the mistrust of the Internet. This mistrust may restrain the business chances of organizations, mainly those that are entirely Web depended. Therefore, organizations should endorse security regulations and establish precautions, which not just are essential but are also considered as effective. Firms should be in a position to communicate sufficiently the way they have arranged to safeguard their clients (Swanson Guttmann, 2006). The capacity of security to assist the vision of a company can be restricted by a number of aspects, like the social matters. For instance, security and workplace privacy may interfere. Usually, security is executed on an IT structure through pointing applicants and trailing their operations. Nevertheless, anticipation of privacy differs and may be broken by a number of security approaches. Despite privacy being a highly essential societal matter, it is not just one. The trend of information, mainly between the citizens and the government is the other condition where security can require adjustments to aid a community objective. Furthermore, a number of validation approaches can be taken intrusive in certain cultures or environments. Security approaches must be chosen and executed with an identification of the appropriate and valid concerns of others. This can entail weighing the security conditions of data applicants and owners with societal objectives. Nevertheless, policies and an ticipations adjust in relation to the suitable application of security management. These adjustments can either raise or reduce security (Burns, 2007). During the company operations, different people always use computers; hence, incident response should be created at network implementation. This denotes the travels in reaction to a network spasm or equivalent incident, which influences networks, and organization information. An incident response plan is focused at framing the reaction processes, which must occur when a network is being confronted or there is compromised security. The incident response plan must help a company while addressing the occurrence in systematic fashion. When the computer are not in use it is advisable to always put them off and disconnect any network cables since they can be used by hackers to get access to company details. Everyone should also be cautious while sending or receiving emails, or other information that look suspicious (Henderson Venkatraman, 1993). Use of information technology in business With the presence of information security like the one of virus scanners in any business, it implies that there must be also information technology that can help in reinforcing business strategy. Therefore, the next session of our discussion is going to focus on the idea of information technology and its application in the business. Consequently, there are several forms of information technologies in any business. However, in this case, we are going to focus on Tracking systems and EDI. Use of the Technology Order Processing Order processing involves diverse measures of carrying out work in an organization such as packaging, picking up, and delivery of both products and services to the required destination.   A business organization should develop software which is effective in taking orders from customers. The company benefits from this system because it helps in unifying all the departments handling the orders, furthermore it enables efficiency in handling of orders. Lastly, Order Processing enables a company to reduce the manual entry of information associated to sales order and does not call for making changes to the existing business practices (Powner, 2009). Electronic data interchange Electronic Data Interchange can be defined as a means of exchanging information between organizations through the use of electronic means. For example a company can transfer electronic documents from one company to another through the use of internet software such as E-mail (Ray Acharya, 2004). Tracking System To ensure more efficiency in a business organization, the company should launch an electronic tracking system that would supervise the movement of documents and files across different departments. Due to this, the company’s managers and workers should be able to maintain a constant watch over the exchanged of important documents and receipts at different departments in the progression of making decision (Schwalbe, 2010). Competitive Advantage Tracking systems and EDI to   Company Tracking systems and EDI can support business strategy. The goals of the any given company can be achieved through the use of effective systems, the application of technology so that the transaction process can be carried out in the shortest time possible. This Tracking systems and EDI will benefit the company in various ways such as saving the company’s money. This is achieved by using this system instead of using the normal process of passing information which entails an enormous deal of human interactions and facilities such as paper documents, holding meetings, using faxes, and others (Powner, 2009). Secondly, the company will benefit a lot in this new system because it will reduce the handling costs such as sorting, organizing and disbursing paper document. Besides, it will reduce the problems of retrieving the lost paper documents. Tracking systems and EDI such as Electronic data interchange will helps the company in reducing the storing space which the paper documents could have occupied. Furthermore, the use of this system will assist the company to reduce the unnecessary expenses such as the cost of manual entry because of the possibility in the system of storing and manipulating data electronically (Henderson Venkatraman, 1993). Thirdly, the use of Electronic Data Interchange will reduce errors, for example recording and billing errors. This is possible because the use of the system will reduce the need to rekey documents in the place of destination. Besides, the system is so faster whereby the information send is received immediately. This is very essential for business companies because they can use this information in serving their customers and making decisions which might be used by the subsidiary companies (Rittenberg, 2009). The human resource managers need to organize their employees so as to select the team to be trained so that they can handle the new system in the company. These employees should be selected basing on their competitive nature, their educational background, and the leadership skills which they posses. It is economical to train few employees because the company will later adopt the in house training whereby the employees who are already trained will train their colleagues. This is necessary for the succession purposes in the organization (Henderson Venkatraman, 1993). Network security In any organization, traffic may increase in the company’s website. At this point, there is need to ensure that there is sufficient security in the networks. Intruders also need to be detected and documented. In this case, such network security items as intrusion detection items, firewalls and security zones have to be used to make the network extremely secure (Brynjolfsson Hitt, 2000). First and foremost, it is of subtle importance to have security zone facts that will guide every activity. These are portions of network with specific security details and requirements. This zone will have to be introduced in order to assist in filtering and separate the incoming and outbound traffic. This will enable one design a zone to host all networks protected from the internet. Moreover, this zone enables one defines a zone within a specific network to control access to certain servers that hold sensitive details. Some common zones include LAN, FTP and extranet (Venkatesh, et L., 2003). Switch security facts should be introduced in order to increase the security of the network. Some of these are the virtual LAN, MAC filtering security, and the port authentication. Others are the use of the telephony security facts the transmission media security facts and the wireless authentication encryption facts. All these will server to improve the security of the internet in any connection (Venkatesh, et L., 2003). Another item that has to be introduced is IDS facts. These are intruder detection systems that are fixed in a special device of networks that has the ability any suspicious activities and attacks via the internet. They made use of the administration of the IDS, in multiple ways to monitor events, alerts and control any sensor device available to the computer. After sensing the traffic, it categorizes them into various levels as positive, false positive and even negative. For effective maintenance of security, it is therefore important to introduce or make use of IDS facts. With the mobile security facts, one should be aware of the various security considerations as the infra red, Bluetooth, PDA smart phone, wireless application among others. These are the applications that pose danger to the security of the network if maximum care is not taken (Venkatesh, et L., 2003). Implementations and Recommendations Offering an efficient computer security needs an elaborate mechanism, which involves a range of areas both internally and externally of the computer security area. This elaborate mechanism spreads across the whole data life cycle. To function successfully, security management usually relies on the appropriate functioning of some other measures. The process of scanning computers is a continuous process and need regular updates because they are used in a dynamic environment. The constant security checks are because users and system technologies, information in the systems, related threats, and security conditions change frequently. A number of modifications influence system security: linkage to outside networks, technological growth, an alteration in use or value of data, or the introduction of fresh threats all prompt the need for constant checks. Furthermore, security has never been 100% sufficient when a system is executed. System applicants and controllers initiate fresh approaches to bypass security deliberately or inadvertently. Alterations within the environment or the system may develop fresh susceptibilities. Tough observance to process is seldom and processes become obsolete through time. These matters, therefore, make it appropriate to reevaluate from time to time the security of IT forms (Stephen Daniel, 2000). Conclusion In order to safeguard their clients, organizations should protect their workers and associates from security breaks. This is, therefore, the other reason why security scanners must be readily available to users at all the time. The Intranets, Extranets, and Internet allow quick and successful interaction among workers and other associates. Nevertheless, such interaction and efficiency may of course be limited by the influence of a network spasm. Legislation is the other factor, which pushes for the desire to have security scanners. Government identifies both the significance of the Internet as well as the idea that sizeable amounts of world economic output are based on it. Virus scanners are therefore very vital in providing security to information. References Bloomfield, B. (1997).Information technology and organizations: strategies, networks, and integration. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Brynjolfsson, E. Hitt, L. (2000). Beyond Computation: Information Technology, Organizational Transformation and Business Performance.The Journal of Economic Perspectives.Vol. 14, No. 4 (Autumn, 2000), pp. 23-48 Burns, B. (2007). Security power tools. New York, NY: OReilly Media, Inc. Dennis A. Adams, R. Ryan N. Peter A. (1992). Perceived Usefulness, Ease of Use, and Usage of Information Technology: A Replication.MIS Quarterly.Vol. 16, No. 2 (Jun., 1992), pp.    227-247 Henderson J. C. Venkatraman, N. (1993). Strategic alignment: leveraging information technology for transforming organizations.IBM Systems Journal archive.Vol.32(1), January 1993 Kurtz, D. and Boon, E. L. (2009) Contemporary Business 2009 Update. New York, NY: Cengage Learning New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Powner, D. (2009). Information Technology: Federal Laws, Regulations, and Mandatory Standards for Securing Private Sector IT Systems and Data in Critical Infrastructure Sectors. New York, NY: DIANE Publishing. Stephen D.    Daniel E. (2000).The Resurgence of Growth in the Late 1990s: Is Information Technology the Story? The Journal of Economic Perspectives.Vol. 14, No. 4 (Autumn,   2000), pp. 3-22 Swanson, M. and Guttmann, B. (2006). Generally Accepted Principles and Practices for Securing Information Technology Systems. Retrieved on December 5, 2011, from http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-14/800-14.pdf Venkatesh, V., Michael G. Morris, G., Fred D. (2003). User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified ViewMIS Quarterly.Vol. 27, No. 3 (Sep., 2003), pp.   Ã‚  Ã‚   425-478.

Argumentative Essay On Social Media - 1240 Words

Out of the variety of news sources such as TV, radio, or newspapers, one of the popular sources in today’s world is social media. People are getting addicted to and can’t live without social media such as Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. They use social media as of where they can post their status but also where they can receive a lot of different news. While social media are spreading any kinds of news such as trend, celebrity or even politics, people easily get the information that is not true called â€Å"fake news.† The fake news raises the major problem in social media as the news source. Once people see the news, they tend to believe and share it. Liking can spread out fake news in a second. When people like the news, the activity†¦show more content†¦However, if the news is based just on rumors, what would it be? It would turn out fake news. The recent memorable incident relating to the fake news would be during the 2016 US presidential campaign. In â€Å"The Journal of Economic Perspectives,† Enrico Moretti and Gordon Hanson state that fake news had some influence over the election result that Trump became the US president (Moretti and Hanson. 235). They also mention that they discover 41 articles which support Clinton or are against Trump and 115 articles which support Trump and are against Clinton (Moretti and Hanson. 225). These pro-Clinton articles were shared on Facebook 7.6 million times and these pro-Trump articles were shared 30.3 million times (Moretti and Hanson. 225). What makes surprising about this fact is those articles later turned out to be fake news. Before the news about Clinton’s scandals was leaked, there were much less of people who would vote for Trump and much less of fake news criticizing her. Nonetheless, her scandals came out, those fake news based on rumors increased the number. People read them out of their curiosity and shared them in a second. 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Communication and Assisting Service Users Free Essays

How to communicate and assist service users on how to do what they can not do After the handing over, we are assigned to service users in other to support them with their personal care needs. In the morning, i knock at the service users doors and say morning to prepare them to get ready for a wash. For those that are unable to have access to toilet facilities, i apply a manual handling by supporting them in movement from the bed to the toilet by using hoist or wheelchair which must be in good standard and for those who are able; I make sure they use the toilet. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication and Assisting Service Users or any similar topic only for you Order Now Communication comes in many ways, you can communicate with service users verbally, body language or eye to eye contact. The process of care and communication to provide a good care is something which should be carefully planned to meant to be helping the service user, it is very important to know the well being response to individual needs to provide right care that the service user benefit from and contribute to overall improvement in care plan. So after providing the help for those who are able and unable to help themselves, I then give report in the hand over book to enable the staff taking over from me knows where problems are and how resident have been and what they need. This is where communication comes in, to instruct somebody to do something verbally or through hand written in the hand over book or care plan. During the process of personal care, some of the service users are very aggressive or they have a challenging behaviour response to the service you are rendering to them, you calm them down or go away for some minutes and then come back to them and make sure all these is written in the hand over book or your care plan for the staff to know what is happening and how to go about it. I also communicate with the service users while giving them a wash, i ask them if they had good sleep and also ask them for the colour or type of cloth he or she would like to wear. After washing and dressing up, i take the resident to where he or she will sit for his or her breakfast. When is coming to food, every resident own identity to what they like or dislike. By following these, individual needs are met and these promote the well being of service user. That is open flexible approach. When dealing with service user’s food, the first thing you do is to wash your hand, make sure the area is clean, don’t forget to get your apron on and make sure you get to the service user according to their needs and you must write everything in the care plan or hand over book, how the service user ate and drink to enable the staff the well being of the service user. After all these, the activities of the day begins, some like watching television, playing ball, games, i even assist them in reading news papers and also chart with them. At the end of the day, I give reports on what has happen during the shift, things that need to be extra vigilant about and how the residents are generally in the book of hand over and care plan. How to cite Communication and Assisting Service Users, Papers

Raising self esteem free essay sample

Introduction This paper explains briefly the research proposal which specifically focuses on the programs proven to be effective in raising self-esteem in at-risk youth. This research proposal includes the background of the study, statement of the problem, statement of hypothesis, the significance of this study and scope and limitation of the study. Background of the Study The extent to which youth are labeled at-risk varies according to different authorities from psychology, education, sociology, and other fields (Astroh, 1993). Some authorities maintain that all youth are born at high risk (Glenn Nelsen, 1988). Others estimate that one-quarter of 10-17 year olds are at-risk Dryfoos, 1990). In more recent development, the number of youth in their high-risk years who commit offenses will increase: by 2010, 10- to 14-year-old juvenile offenders are projected to increase by about 6 percent, while ages 15 to 19 are expected to increase nearly 20 percent Brown Sevcik, 1999). Effective at-risk youth programs begin with determining who are going to be served. We will write a custom essay sample on Raising self esteem or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is through them that programs determine the kinds of designs that are most appropriate for at-risk youth and the policies needed to support an effective high performance youth training system. According to Astroh (1993), broad generalizations about youth can detract from targeted efforts to address real-not perceived-problems in local communities. The loose definition of at-risk youth refers to those youth most likely to fail in school and the labor market. Furthermore, the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act adopted by Congress defines youth at risk as a youth at risk of educational failure or dropping out of school or involvement in delinquent activities (Brown Sevcik, 1999). More specifically, there are some methods in defining at-risk youth such as the Group Characteristics and the Skill Levels (Center for Human Resources, 1993). In the first method, at-risk population is defined in terms of demographic characteristics—having low income, being black or Hispanic, having dropped out of school, or receiving welfare. More recently, behavioral characteristics such as court-involvement, teen parenting and substance abuse have been identified as additional risk factors. At-risk youth, then, are frequently defined in terms of a list of characteristics, or combinations of characteristics (CHR, 1993). Many states depend exclusively on these kinds of demographic indicators to define the at-risk population, because of the strong research base (CHR, 1993). However, the major drawback to using only group characteristics is that when used in planning, they tend to mask the real skill issues that need to be addressed (CHR, 1993). The Skill Levels approach defines at-risk youth in terms of specific skill deficits or levels of employability; it focuses much more specifically on skills which can be matched up more directly with employer expectations (CHR, 1993). However, some practitioners argue that a purely skill-based definition fails to take into account important social and cultural barriers to Employment (CHR, 1993). To address this problem, CHR (1993) comes up with a hybrid definition. Here, one might define at-risk youth as those who are dropouts, or minorities, or teen parents and who lack specific educational and/or work skills. The purpose of a hybrid definition is to gain the advantages of the skill approach that is, targeting those with clearly specified employment skill needs while formally recognizing some of the social factors that exacerbate the risks of failure in the labor market (CHR, 1993). By including demographic and/or social characteristics, the hybrid approach may also make it easier for youth serving agencies to develop common definitions. To meet the needs of at-risk youth, the community needs to respond by developing intervention services for them that focus on building self-esteem, alternative leisure patterns, redirecting inappropriate lifestyles or behaviors, developing personal skills, assisting with pre-employment training, development of morals and values and enhancing the quality of life through positive recreation experiences (Brown Sevcik, 1999). According to the Association of African American Role Models (2003), one of most overlooked qualities missing in today’s at-risk youth is the building, maintaining, and utilizing self-esteem to achieve personal growth and success. Raising low self-esteem can be a difficult process but one that is surely successful with the intervention of an effective programempowering and counseling at-risk youth to visualize themselves as productive members of their communities (AAARM, 2003). Moreover, teaching self-esteem becomes a process that is continued by the at-risk youth themselves as their positive and productive attitudes permeate their interactions with those around them (AAARM, 2003). Brown and Sevcik (1999) state that recreational programs build self-esteem, self-discipline, commitment and teamwork. Moreover, Therapeutic recreation plays an important role in reaching at-risk youth (Brown Sevcik, 1999). Similarly, the 1992 Decima Report (1992) shows that through cultural alternatives, youth essential life skills including responsibility, self-esteem, cooperation, discipline and patience are built. Cultural activity builds self-discipline and perseverance in our youth; learning to play a musical instrument, rehearsing a play or executing a mosaic mural requires long hours of practice, focus and perseverance, all components of self-discipline, a trait that many at-risk youth are desperately lacking. (Americans for the Arts, 1997) In a more recent report by the Presidents Committee on the Arts and Humanities (1999), organized youth activities can deter risky behavior in adolescents; students who participate in band, orchestra, chorus or a school play are significantly less likely than non-participants to drop out of school, be arrested, use drugs or engage in binge drinking (SasCultre, 2003). Under this therapeutic recreational program, three methods of service are combined: Intervention, Diversion, and Prevention (Brown Sevcik, 1999). The program involves at-risk youth in a school-directed recreational program within the community, developing an awareness of and interest in opportunities available to them outside the school day; enables them to experience fun leisure activities; and to develop healthy friendships, good sportsmanship, mentoring with individuals within the community and healthy leisure interests (Brown Sevcik, 1999). With these premises, the researchers will conduct this study to find out and to ascertain the responses made by the Social Work Institutions towards the raising self-esteem in at risk youths. Statement of the Problem This researcher finds the necessity for a study that specifically tackles how successful programs are in raising at-risk youth’s self-esteem. This study intends to know why some programs fail. This proposed research study will try to answer the following queries: 1. What are the needs of at-risk youths in a program? 2. What are the factors that affect the success and effectiveness of a program in terms of raising self-esteem in at-risk youth? 3. What are the measures that should be done to improve a program? Hypothesis There is a significant difference in the raising of self-esteem of the at risk youths at ___________________ when grouped according to gender and age. Significance of the Study This study will be a significant endeavor in boosting self-esteem in at-risk youth. This study will be helpful to social workers this will serve as a guide for them when dealing with at-risk kids. By understanding the needs of these children, in terms of their self-esteem, and presenting the cause of failures of some programs, administrators will be able to design means in raising self-esteem. This could lead to the success of the program. Scope and Limitation This research study will only cover male and female at-risk youth who are currently under a program and whose ages range from 16 to 22. Thus, the programs that will be discussed in the entire study are from the Philippines, although, some programs from other countries might be briefly tackled. This study will only focus on the determination of what causes a program intended to raise self-esteem in at-risk youth, to succeed or to fail. Further, this study will operate based on its definition of at-risk youth. The outcome of this study will be limited only to the data gathered from sociology books and journals and from the primary data gathered from the result of the survey and interview that will be conducted by the researcher. The conclusion and recommendation will only apply to a program which specifically aims to boost self-esteem in at-risk youth. Its application to other sociological domain of helping at-risk youth will need further research. As stated above, this research will partially base its findings through quantitative research methods because this permits a flexible and iterative approach. During data gathering the choice and design of methods are constantly modified, based on ongoing analysis. This allows investigation of important new issues about raising self-esteem in at-risk youth within a Program and questions as they arise, and allows the investigator to drop unproductive areas of research from the original research plan. This study will also employ qualitative research method because it will attempt to find and build theories that will explain the relationship of one variable with another variable through qualitative elements in research. Through this method, qualitative elements that do not have standard measures such as behavior, attitudes, opinions, and beliefs within the restaurants will be analyzed. Furthermore qualitative research is multi-method in focus, involving an interpretative, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. The focus group discussion, on the other hand, will be conducted with the consent of the administrators. The secondary sources of data will come from published articles from Sociology journals, books and related studies on at-risk youth and programs intended to raise self-esteem in at-risk youth. For this research design, the researcher will gather data, collate published studies from different local and foreign universities and articles from social science journals; and make a content analysis of the collected documentary and verbal material. Afterwards, the researcher will summarize all the information, make a conclusion based on the null hypotheses posited and provide insightful recommendations on the dealing with organizational management. Definition of Terms For the clearer understanding Chapter 2 Review of related literature Several related literature and studies conducted locally and abroad gave great help to researchers. Some of these studies are similar to the present study in methodology but the researchers believed that because of differences in social setting by the study, the result would not be the same. Based on the data in â€Å"Improving the Self Esteem of At-risk Youth† (Levine, Majerovitz, Schnur, Robinson, and Soman, 2008), it describes and evaluate a program, RESOLVE, designed to increase self-esteem and encourage healthy lifestyle choices of at-risk youth. This federally-funded (U. S. Administration for Children and Families, CBAE) program combines an educational component teaching healthy lifestyles, goal setting, and refusal skills to avoid unhealthy behaviors with a vocational training and recreational component. The emphasis of this evaluation is to assess the impact of program participation on self-esteem and knowledge of healthy behaviors. Self-esteem was chosen as a target variable for intervention based on its central role in predicting mental health and well-being, as well as enhanced health and social behaviors (Mann, Hosman, Schaalma, and deVries, 2004). Strong family and community relationships are predictors of high self-esteem (Greene and Way, 2005). These relationships are disrupted for foster care youth, placing them at risk for low self-esteem. Low self-esteem and disruption in family and community relationships is associated with poor social and lifestyle choices. For example, lack of a father figure and low self-esteem are associated with higher risk of teen pregnancy among Jamaican youth (Keddie, 1992). Low self-esteem and disruption in family and community relationships is associated with poor social and lifestyle choices. For example, lack of a father figure and low self-esteem are associated with higher risk of teen pregnancy among Jamaican youth (Keddie, 1992). Adolescents who had lower self-esteem at baseline reported initiating sex earlier and having had risky partners (Ethier et al. , 2003). Peer group programs that increased self-esteem among youth with severe behavior problems from dysfunctional families helped to reduce problem behaviors (Frank, 1996). A number of programs designed to encourage healthy life choices among at-risk adolescents have been reported in the literature. The most successful programs combine traditionally-presented curriculum with opportunities for practical application outside the classroom. For example, the Teen Outreach Program (Allen, Philliber, and Hoggson, 1990) links volunteer work to classroom experience for at-risk youth. The program significantly reduced pregnancy and school drop-out rates among participants across a spectrum of ethnic groups. A similar program, the Quantum Opportunities Program (Hahn, Leavitt, and Aaron, 1994) offers education, mentoring, and volunteer service opportunities to disadvantaged youth. School drop-out rates and teen pregnancy decreased, while employment or further education increased. The Catalano and colleagues (2004) review on positive youth development (PYD) was commissioned by the US Department of Health Human Services, completed in 2002, and conducted by a team of researchers at the University of Washington (Catalano, et al. , 2004). The review ultimately included twenty-five program evaluations, and findings indicate promising results for strength-based programs serving youth and children. The review’s definition of PYD is very broad, including any intervention that meets at least one of fifteen constructs6; none of which stipulated involvement of young people in program decisions or design. The broad inclusion criteria for PYD programs coupled with a lack of predetermined outcomes largely explain why so many evaluations were included in the review. In contrast to the Catalano and colleagues review, the forthcoming review will focus on youth empowerment, reduce program heterogeneity, and minimize the chance of spurious conclusions due to a lack of predetermined outcomes. The Wallerstein (2006) review, conducted for the World Health Organization, was the only review identified by the authors that directly addressed empowerment strategies. The review explores empowerment broadly for all age groups and with an interest in health outcomes. Wallerstein gives a useful overview of various themes within the broader empowerment movement and gives a framework for empowerment that includes multiple levels of outcomes. The broad, international review of outcomes linked to empowerment offers valuable context for this protocol. The resulting framework includes a heavy emphasis on self-efficacy, community engagement, and social bonding, which reinforce their importance as outcomes of interest in the planned review.

Stores Management Essay Example

Stores Management Essay Location : Agarwal Udyog Nagar, Waliv, (East), Dist Thane. Vasai Road Person contacted : Prashant Kubade. Development Engineer. Contact No. : 95250-2456426/2456430 95250-2454520/2454365. No. of stores : 1 store room with separate section for storage of chemicals. Sujan Group which started its operations in Andheri, Mumbai, in the mid-seventies has over the years established various companies like, Sujan Industries, Vee Kay Rubber Products, Polyrub Extrusions (India), Speciality Elastomers Mega Rubber Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Covering the entire gamut of rubber manufacturing processes. Of these, Mega is a QS 9000 company where as Sujan Industries Polyrub are ISO 9002 companies and on the way to achieving QS 9000 certifying body being RWTUV. Sujan today is carrying company both for its customers and employees. The entire group shares the mission to continue being an organization which ont only rests on concrete pillars but on the shoulder of committed well knit TEAM. Following the â€Å"Go Global Mantra†, Sujan with manufacturing concepts tailored to the needs of expanding markets exports to countries like USA, UK, Australia, Middle East etc. Has from wide acceptance with improved growth and increased market share. Locally the group has a strong presence in the Indian Automobile Industry and also in the two-wheeler sector. The various group companies are also servicing other industries like aerospace, earth-moving, electrical, office automation. Mega Rubber Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is established since 1995. No. of employees is approximately 325 in this company. The total area of the company is about 25000 sq. ft. and the area of the store department is about 2000 sq. ft. We will write a custom essay sample on Stores Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Stores Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Stores Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The total turn over of this company is approximately 2. 6 crore per month. There are 6-8 employees employed in the stores department, which includes a head of the department, a stores incharge officer, and 4-6 employees employed under the stores incharge officer. QUALITY ASSURANCE: At Sujan, Mega Rubber Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is committed to attaining the highest standard possible from the purchase of raw materials to the final products. The company lays special emphasis on the prevention of quality problems before manufacture rather than on detection of error later. Its employees are fully geared trained to focus on continuous improvement in their respective job functions. Combining well trained quality conscious expectations are met customer satisfaction is maintained at the highest level. The quality systems are independent of production form the base of their work ethic. Mega Rubber Technologies Pvt. Ltd. provides Quality assurance. It is very essential to know the functional characteristics and life span of the components being produced. On dynamic testing machine company check static and dynamic characteristics like spring constant Damping coefficient resonance etc. nd also it assess the life span of Functional components like Engine mounts, struts, silent blocks insulator mounts etc. this not only create confidence about he components, but also gives chance for improvement. The machine is very essential for RD and assessing the quality. Thus this company gives lot of importance as far as quality is concerned. Mega Rubber Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is into products of rubber make like- Engine Mounts, Silent blocks, Rubber rolls, Boots/Bellows, Gaskets, Seals O Rings, Extrusions, Fuel Tubes Hoses, Gen. Rubber Goods, etc. All these products produced are Made-to-order (MTO). The basic raw materials used are basic natural rubber, EPDM, Neoprene, Viton, Polyacrylic, etc. This company manufactures products to the esteemed company like Maruti, Toyota, Honda and so on. The whole process starts with placing the purchase order for the imported raw material from Japan, Holland, Dewpond, and America Natural rubber is imported from Kerala, depending on the requirement of the order, since all the products are Made To Order (MTO). The import from Japan takes around 45 days the minimum stock level is for 3 months. After 45 days when the good are delivered they are first inspected for quality by the quality control department and then tested for quantity by the accounts department and then the payment for the material is done. After testing the material a tag is attached to the material and then send to the stores room to be kept in different racks, which are of 20ft height. This tag includes information about the raw material i. e. the name, followed by description of the material i. e. its quality followed by the name of the supplier. Then the quantity of the materials is specified, followed by the (Goods receipt no. GRN number and the date the (Material test report) MTR no and the date. With this tag there is a perforation tag, which is torn off at the time of the quality inspection of each bag and once the quality check is complete the quality department stamps each bag and keeps the perforated tags for records, only then the materials are forwarded to the stores department to be stacked is different shelves. The raw materials are identified with the help of the location chart, which includes the information about which material is located where. After the products are stacked the production process starts, where in the raw materials are forwarded to the mixing department where in different materials are mixed according to the requirement of the product. This mixture is kept under 25 degrees Celsius for 15 days, in order to improve its shelf life. After mixing, the mixture is then send for further processing to the moulding department. After moulding it is then send to deflashing process wherein the extra material of the product is removed. This material is then send to the packaging department with the help of the trolley to the dispatching department, from where the good are send to the customers. Description of some of the products produced and manufactured by this company are as follows: †¢ Engine Mounts: Rubber to metal bonded components used to support load, isolate vibration and absorb shock. The mounts are so designed that the deflation under different loads is specific or the load deflation graph is well defined and the spring constant is specified depending upon vibration intensity engine load. †¢ Silent blocks: Silent blocks form a vital part of a suspension system. Apart from this they are also used for articulation ball joints, steering linkages, radius arms, angle joints, yokes etc. Anti-vibration Dampers are used to absorb vertical shocks in tandem they reduce wear tear also noise. The multi directional movement of the vehicle creates comprehensive and tensile stresses, which are all taken by these Silent Blocks. The vertical oscillating shocks of the body are taken by the Dampers. †¢ Rubber rolls: produced from various Elastomers with specific compounding techniques, Rubber Rolls produced by the company find use in industries like paper, textile, flexographic and office automation. The company’s rolls meet the best operation related surface quality, a long service life and company with tight tolerances specified by end users. †¢ Boots/Bellows: Highly flexible components available are unlimited variety of shapes and sizes – provide compact protection for shafts, shaft joints and moveable joints. These bellows essentially increase the life of wearing parts by preventing ingress of dust particles. †¢ Gaskets: the elastic property of rubber exerts a pressure on the contracting surface to maintain a perfect seal. Varied service conditions can be catered to by the right choice of elastomer. Manufactured from various elastomers for use in industries like dairy, automobile, heat exchangers, submarines, offshore equipment, furnances etc. gaskets can be designed to withstand a broad spectrum of temperatures by choosing the appropriate elastomer. On line sealing can also be carried out without affecting the running of the plant pipelines specially in petrochemical, fertilizers, chemical industries. †¢ Seals O Rings: O rings, among the most basic sealing components, find a myriad of applications such as in aircrafts, automobiles, earthmoving equipments, hydraulic pneumatic systems. Produced from various elastomers depending on service conditions, can withstand temperature from –70 C to +250 C. †¢ Gen. Rubber Goods: General Rubber Goods for various end uses are produced as per specification drawing offered by the buyer. They can also be designed by the company if service conditions are stipulated. The exclusive range is evident from over 10000 different products we manufacture for almost every industry. Prominent among the products are rubber parts for consumers’ durables, forklift tyres, dock fenders, sandwich mountings, propeller shaft housings, diaphragms etc. he expertise of the company has allowed it to meet the needs of abroad spectrum of customers ranging from government agencies, defence organizations to private enterprises. ABOUT THE PARLE PRODUCTS LTD Introduction A long time ago, when the British ruled India, a small factory was set up in the suburbs of Mumbai city, to manufacture sweets and toffees. The year was 1929 and the marke t was dominated by famous international brands that were imported freely. Despite the odds and unequal competition, this company called Parle Products, survived and succeeded, by adhering to high quality and improvising from time to time. A decade later, in 1939, Parle Products began manufacturing biscuits, in addition to sweets and toffees. Having already established a reputation for quality, the Parle brand name grew in strength with this diversification. Parle Glucose and Parle Monaco were the first brands of biscuits to be introduced, which later went on to become leading names for great taste and quality. How Parle fought to make biscuits affordable to all. Biscuits were very much a luxury food in India, when Parle began production in 1939. Apart from Glucose and Monaco biscuits, Parle did offer a wide variety of brands. However, during the Second World War, all domestic biscuit production was diverted to assist the Indian soldiers in India and the Far East. Apart from this, the shortage of wheat in those days, made Parle decide to concentrate on the more popular brands, so that people could enjoy the price benefits. Thankfully today, theres no dearth of ingredients and the demand for more premium brands is on the rise. Thats why, we now have a wide range of biscuits and mouthwatering confectionaries to offer. The strength of the Parle Brand Over the years, Parle has grown to become a multi-million US Dollar company. Many of the Parle products biscuits or confectionaries, are market leaders in their category and have won acclaim at the Monde Selection, since 1971. Today, Parle enjoys a 40% share of the total biscuit market and a 15% share of the total confectionary market, in India. The Parle Biscuit brands, such as, Parle-G, Monaco and Krackjack and confectionery brands, such as, Melody, Poppins, Mangobite and Kismi, enjoy a strong imagery and appeal amongst consumers. Be it a big city or a remote village of India, the Parle name symbolizes quality, health and great taste! And yet, we know that this reputation has been built, by constantly innovating and catering to new tastes. This can be seen by the success of new brands, such as, Hide Seek, or the single twist wrapping of Mango bite. In this way, by concentrating on consumer tastes and preferences and emphasizing Research Development, the Parle brand grows from strength to strength. The Quality Commitment Parle Products has one factory at Mumbai that manufactures biscuits confectioneries while another factory at Bahadurgarh, in Haryana manufactures biscuits. Apart from this, Parle has manufacturing facilities at Neemrana, in Rajasthan and at Bangalore in Karnataka. The factories at Bahadurgarh and Neemrana are the largest such manufacturing facilites in India. Parle Products also has 14 manufacturing units for biscuits 5 manufacturing units for confectioneries, on contract. All these factories are located at strategic locations, so as to ensure a constant output easy distribution. Each factory has state-of-the-art machinery with automatic printing packaging facilities. All Parle products are manufactured under the most hygienic conditions. Great care is exercised in the selection quality control of raw materials, packaging materials rigid quality standards are ensured at every stage of the manufacturing process. Every batch of biscuits confectioneries are thoroughly checked by expert staff, using the most modern equipment. The Marketing Strength The extensive distribution network, built over the years, is a major strength for Parle Products. Parle biscuits sweets are available to consumers, even in the most remote places and in the smallest of villages with a population of just 500. Parle has nearly 1,500 wholesalers, catering to 4,25,000 retail outlets directly or indirectly. A two hundred strong dedicated field force services these wholesalers retailers. Additionally, there are 31 depots and CF agents supplying goods to the wide distribution network. The Parle marketing philosophy emphasizes catering to the masses. We constantly endeavour at designing products that provide nutrition fun to the common man. Most Parle offerings are in the low mid-range price segments. This is based on our cultivated understanding of the Indian consumer psyche. The value-for-money positioning helps generate large sales volumes for the products. However, Parle Products also manufactures a variety of premium products for the up-market, urban consumers. And in this way, caters a range of products to a variety of consumers. The Customer Confidence The Parle name conjures up fond memories across the length and breadth of the country. After all, since 1929, the people of India have been growing up on Parle biscuits sweets. Today, the Parle brands have found their way into the hearts and homes of people all over India abroad. Parle Biscuits and confectioneries, continue to spread happiness joy among people of all ages. The consumer is the focus of all activities at Parle. Maximizing value to consumers and forging enduring customer relationships are the core endeavors at Parle. Our efforts are driven towards maximizing customer satisfaction and this is in synergy with our quality pledge. Parle Products Limited will strive to provide consistently nutritious quality food products to meet consumers satisfaction by using quality materials and by adopting appropriate processes. To facilitate the above we will strive to continuously train our employees and to provide them an open and participative environment. ABOUT RICHIE LABORATORIES LTD. Location : Agarwal Industrial Estate, Vasai (East), Dist Thane. Person Contacted : Mr. C. R. Madanan. Stores Manager. Contact No. : 95250-2453432. No. of Stores : 3 store rooms, for raw materials of tablets capsules, Syrups and finished goods. Richie Laboratories Ltd, established since 1994 has excelled in the pharmaceutical field because of the visionary mind of Mr. Hansraj, founder of the company. The area occupied by this company is about 17000 sq. t. and area for the stores is about 4000 sq. ft. including the stores for raw materials of tablets, capsules, syrup and finished goods which were stored in bins. The no. of employees is 30. The yearly turnover of this company is 7-8 crores. This company has no other branches. The entire company has centralized A/C. This company has wide range of medicinal product. The produ cts are made to order (MTO). This company manufactures 35 products, which are tablets, capsules and syrups. Painkillers, antibiotics, cough cold, antacids are some of their products, among which painkillers and antibiotics are the ream sale products. The raw materials are purchased from Bombay market. The company manufactures its products under its own brand name i. e. Richie Laboratories and also manufactures medicinal products for other big companies like Glaxo, Griffon, Clariants, Wockhardt Lifesciences, etc. These companies provide the raw materials provided to this company to manufacture external products itself. In this company, the flow of the materials starts right from the time when delivery of the raw materials is done to the stores department of the finished goods till the finished goods are dispatched. This company has various departments like raw materials stores, liquid stores for bottle and packing, liquid syrup manufacturing department, final packing department, finished product department for liquid, production department for tablets and capsules, punching and making of tablets and capsules, blistering and stripping department, etc. THE STORES FUNCTION Introduction: Stores management is part of the overall function of materials management. In order, therefore, to understand the function of the former it is desirable to have a clear understanding of what materials management stands for. Beginning with the term management is important to examine its definition and objectives. Management is the specific purpose of planning, controlling and implementing. â€Å"Materials management† is one of the recent additions to the growing glossary on management. Materials management is the process if planning, implementing and controlling the flow or storage of input, facilities, service and information efficiently and effectively from the point of supply to the point of consumption in the conformity of the companies’ objective. Stores organization may be defined as a systematic coordination and combination of efforts in manner, which would result in optimum efficiency with a minimum of expenditure. The term Store, Storehouse, or Warehouse refer to a building or room or place where materials are kept. An organization can have various types of stores like Raw Materials Store, Processed or Semi- Finishing Materials Store, Finished Goods Store, Yard Store and so on. Such stores range from ordinary ones with shelves and bins to cold or dehumidified storages, huge silos for storage of food grains or bonded stores for keeping goods on which customs and excise duties have ot been paid. Storage is a part of the economic cycle and Stores Management is today a specialized function, which can contribute significantly to the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the material function. The task of store keeping relates to safe custody and preservation of the materials, stock to their receipts, issue and accounting. The objective is to efficiently and economically provide the right material at the time when it is requires and in the condition in which it is required. It will be appreciated that store keeping adds nothing to the value of a product. However, it is an essential function in any manufacturing or marketing organization. The financial view is that storage is just an overhead – a cost with no return, and hence the importance of economic operation, keeping efficiency at a desired level. The capital cost components consists of the expenditure on land, building and roads, yards, equipment, machinery and other facilities provided. The revenue expenditure consists of salaries and wages, insurance, maintenance costs, stationary, communication expense and the cost to maintain the inventory. Stores function is a vital part of organizations whether they are industrial concerns, public or private utility undertakings, agriculture enterprise, municipal authorities or armed services of Government departments. There are many varieties of materials stored – chemicals, metals, liquids, gases, spare parts, equipment, or finished goods, ranging from engineering components to drugs and pharmaceuticals. Each of thse items will require a specific type of storage. And their handling and preservation methods will vary accordingly. There is high degree of specialization of degree required to store and handle these products and in many cases special storage licenses need to be obtained from the Government, e. g. , the storage of petroleum products. The relative importance of the function of stores depends upon the nature and size of the industry or activity concerned, and in all cases it has to be designed to suit the particular needs of the organization it serves. There is, therefore, no standard system, which can be universally recommended or applied, but in the course of time, certain principles and practices of general application have been evolved. The understanding of these principles is most important in the practice of the art of store keeping. Objectives And Responsibilities Of The Store Function Store is an organization is primarily intended to assist in the production of goods or services and no industrial unit of public undertaking of any significant size can be efficiently managed without it. The basic objective is to provide a service to the operating functions and this aspect must be fully appreciated. All the other activities, although they have their own importance, are subordinate to the main responsibility. The service rendered by Stores can be categorized into 4 broad divisions: 1. To make available a balance flow of raw materials, components, tools, equipments and any other materials necessary to meet operational requirements. 2. To provide maintenance materials, spare parts and general stores as required. 3. To receive and issue finished products. 4. To accept and store scrap and other discarded material as they arise. The major responsibilities of Stores are: †¢ Identification of all material stored. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Receipt of incoming goods. Inspection of all receipts. Storage and preservation. Materials handling. Packing. Issue and dispatch. Maintenance of stock records. Stores accounting. Inventory control. Stock-taking. INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STORES AND OTHER DEPARTMENT Though stores serve all departments of an organization, the highest degree of relations are between Purchase who feeds the Stores, and Production whom the stores feed in turn. 1. Stores and Purchase: these two functions of materials management e. g. stores and purchase are complimentary to each other. Apart from the close relationship that exists on a day-to-day basis in the purchase of various items of stores there are other important activities, which can best be done by close cooperation between Stores and Purchase. These are identification (i. e. coding of stores) and stores vocabulary (the code itself), standardization and variety reduction, inventory control, value analysis, salvaging operations, etc. Other aspects of cooperation include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Stores sends indents to purchase based on inventory levels determined in accordance with usage and delivery lead times. Correct specification writing, code numbers, mention unit (e. g. pounds instead of kilos) etc. , are all vital in this regard. Determination of ‘ lot sizes ’ for purchase, which should suit production requirements, transport, handling and storage space. Purchase informs Stores of orders placed, and Stores in turn informs Purchase of receipts, rejections, shortages, breakages, theft and loss. Stores should inform Purchase of changing production trends; slow or non-moving stock obsolete or surplus stock, scrap, etc. †¢ 2. Stores and Production: the production department is usually the chief customer of Stores. At production meetings, if Stores is represented, coordination can be excellent. Any change in a production schedule needs to be communicated to Stores to enable prompt corrective action. 3. Stores and Sales: Especially in a Marketing organization, Sales is the chief customer of the finished goods store. The Sales department wants to ensure stocks at all times and this might be a costly philosophy in terms of inventory holdings. Close cooperation and an integrated approach can aid management objectives to increase profitability. 4. Stores and Accounts: Usually the accounts department does all the Stores accounting ensuring a day-to-day working relationship. 5. Stores and Personnel: Selection of the right person for Stores work and an adequate training in storage, preservation and accounting techniques is vital. COMPANIES INFORMATION: In all the companies that we visited Stores played a vital role in the process of manufacturing the products. Inter-relationship between stores and other department differs from company to company. In Mega Rubber Technologies Pvt. Ltd. he stores department was more related with mixing department and moulding department. In Parle Products Ltd. The raw materials stores was only related with production department and there were three different stores for biscuits, confectionary and printing/ packing. Where as in Richie Laboratories Ltd. The stores department was mainly related with production department specifically with the granulation process. STORES ORGANISATION The principal aim i n organization is to achieve desired objectives, in an efficient and economical manner. Adequate organizing would make for the most effective use of both the physical assets of the business as well as the human resources. Organizing consists of the following steps: †¢ †¢ †¢ Identifying and grouping of the work. Defining and delegating responsibility and authority. Establishing structural relationships so that the individual efforts are coordinated. Organizing stores Traditionally, this department has been attached to the production department, even considered part of it. The finished Goods Stores was attached to the Sales Department. Today, it has been recognized that both Production and Sales has vested interest, which conflict with the basic objectives of inventory control. As such, the modern concept is to delink Stores from Production or Sales. The best practice is to place stores under the materials manager and make it part of the materials department. The materials manager will have the status of other senior departmental heads of production, sales or finance, who report to the chief executive. The stores department can be divided into the following divisions/sections: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ A central stores, with sub-stores 1, 2, 3,†¦ (The central stores according to products, and sub-stores according to shop requirements) Receipt stores Inspection wings Finished goods stored Packing section Despatch section Transport section Clearing unit – sea, air, rail Stores hose keeping Stock-taking/Audit Record keeping (Kardex/stock ledger) Stores accounting DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILTY OF STORES PERSSONEL A storekeeper would have several duties and responsibilities, which he may carry out himself or through his subordinates. These are: †¢ To receive incoming materials, including all work connected therewith, like opening of packages, counting and checking. †¢ †¢ †¢ To stare materials in the right place and in the best suited prescribed manner. To ensure that materials are properly preserved, periodical inspection and correct methods. To carry out all movements of materials including movement to Storage from receipt and Storage to Despatch, Packing and Forwarding. To maintain complete, up-to-date and correct records both for physical storage financial accounts. To attend all correspondence, etc. †¢ †¢ The storekeeper’s function may be compared to that of a cashier, because in the final analysis, material is money. Thus, as much as attention should be paid to materials by a Storekeeper as to money by a cashier. CENTRALISED AND DECENTRALISED STORES The structure of store is a major factor in its organization. A very big factory having a large number of product lines may have a main stores which can serve as base, with decentralized stores for each unit of production, preferably located as near the unit as possible. Another possibility is that the main store can be completely eliminated and supplies effected directly to the suit stores. In a small company, one store would be adequate to serve all units. A large company marketing a variety of goods may have a central warehouse of finished goods at its factory location, besides large number of stockpoints in the various cities. A small company on the other hand can have just one simple warehouse from which the entire distribution can take place. Centralization or Decentralization then is a matter of convenience. However, one basic organizational feature must be observed. The entire Stores setup should be under the unified control of one department with Senior Controller of Stores incharge, in order to efficiently achieve the objectives of the function, of stores. Types of Stores: Stores fall into broadly two categories contingent on the following considerations: †¢ †¢ Functional: depending on the use to which the material is put – chemical, tools, raw materials stores, etc. Physical: depending on its size and location – central stores, substores, sites stores, etc. Types of Functional Stores includes: Raw material store, Production Store, General Store, Tools Store, Salvage Store, Packing Store, Spare parts Store, Receipt Store, Quarantine Store, Finished Goods Store, Work-in-progress Store, Stationary Store, Bonded Store, Refrigerated Store, Flammable Materials Store, Dehumidification Store, Transit Sheds, Dry tanks, Shed storage, Open Yard, And so on. Types of Physical stores includes: Central Store, Sub-store, Departmental Store, Group Store, Site Store, Transit Store, And so on. LOCATION OF STORES: The first question that arises is with regard to the location of the stores. Will there be one store or many? Should it be attached to the building of the production unit or be away from it? What transport facilities should be made available? These questions stem from one primary concern – who is being served and what are the services provided. It must be remembered that economy and efficiency are the vital factors. Some of the principles to be observed in this regard are as follows: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ In choosing the location, observe the principle of minimum movement. Plan for future. A storehouse should not merely take care of present needs but also those of the future. All storehouses should be sited with expansion in mind. There should be a considerable degree of flexibility. Accessibility for road, rail or river transport should be an important consideration. Planning should concern itself with loading and unloading facilities. Sufficient precautions should be taken to maintain security from fire, theft, explosion, toxic substances, etc. †¢ †¢ A variety of services must be provided for water, light, drainage and telephone, etc. Planning: At planning stage the following information must be obtained: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The kind of storage needed and the nature and volume of materials to be held in each. The volume of issues of each type. Handling equipment required. Access facilities needed. Types of transport required. Space for goods inward and outward. Stores maintenance area to be utilized. Whether special types of storage areas are required e. g. airconditioned, heated, humid or dry storage. Office accommodation required. Packing facilities, and so on. COMPANIES INFORMATION: In Mega Rubber Technologies Pvt. Ltd. the stores was decentralized there were no specific section in the stores. There was 1 officer incharge and about 4 employees in the stores department who were responsible for the flow of materials from the stores department to the mixing and moulding department. In this company the store was located near to the production floor thereby reducing the transportation cost. Proper planning was followed in this company regarding the stores of the raw materials was concerned. Parle Products Ltd. followed a decentralized method of storing. Even though they could have centralized store since they have got many branches in India but thought of keeping decentralized for smooth functioning. The responsibility of the stores personnel varied since there were different stores for biscuits, confectionaries and printing / packing unit. Even in this company the stores were located near the production floor. Since Richie Laboratories Ltd. had only one production plant there was only one store which was located near the production floor. Thus the responsibility of the stores personnel of inspecting, issuing, dispatching is more specific and efficiently followed. STORES BUILDING STORES LAYOUT Principles of building design †¢ The primary importance is given to the inward outward flows of goods vehicles in an orderl

Evolution of the processor unit essays

Evolution of the processor unit essays Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. The Microprocessor has been around since 1971 years, but in the last few years it has changed the American calculators to video games and computers (Givone 1). Many microprocessors have been manufactured for all sorts of products; some have succeeded and some have not. This paper will discuss the evolution and history of the most prominent 16 and 32 bit microprocessors in the microcomputer and how they are similar to and different from each other. Because microprocessors are a subject that most people cannot relate to and do not know much about, this paragraph will introduce some of the terms that will be in- volved in the subsequent paragraphs. Throughout the paper the 16-bit and 32-bit mi- croprocessors are compared and contrasted. The number 16 in the 16-bit microproces- sor refers how many registers there are or how much storage is available for the mi- croprocessor (Aumiaux, 3). The microprocessor has a memory address such as A16, and at this address the specific commands to the microprocessor are stored in the memory of the computer (Aumiaux, 3). So with the 16-bit microprocessor there are 576 places to store data. With the 32-bit microprocessor there are twice as many places to store data making the microprocessor faster. Another common term which is mentioned frequently in the paper is the oscil- lator or the time at which the processors clock ticks. The oscillator is the pace maker for the microprocessor which tells what frequency the microprocessor can proc- ess information, this value is measured in Mega-hertz or MHz. A nanosecond is a measurement of time in a processor, or a billionth of a second. This is used to measure the time it takes for...

Total Quality Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Total Quality Management - Assignment Example Empirical results are expected to show that there would be a marginal increase in performance over a 4-year and 6-year period, respectively, upon installing ISO and TQM programmes. This means that unless firms maintain and sustain the TQM drives continuously, there will be a decline in competitiveness. One of its main objectives is to identify an implementation order concerning tools and techniques. Data from survey show there has been continuous decline in the number of new ISO 9000 registrations in the manufacturing industry since reaching its peak some 4-5 years (up to and including survey year, 1996) ago. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of ISO 9000 and TQM either singly or in combination on the performance of companies. It also explores the order of implementation, which was not addressed previously. In the process, the relationship of practice and performance is investigated and the practices and performance of firms with or without TQM and ISO 9000 in the manufacturing industry is examined. Saraph et al. (1989) were among the first to attempt to organize and coalesce the various TQM prescriptions. They identified eight critical factors of quality management: the role of management leadership and quality policy; the role of the quality department; training; product/service design; supplier quality management; process management; quality data and reporting; and employee relations. Operational measures of these factors were developed and were found to be reliable and valid. By using such measures, decision-makers can assess the level of quality management in their organization in order to devise strategies for further improvements. Starting from a strategic perspective, the work by Flynn et al. (1994) identified and accentuated seven key dimensions of quality management that included top management support, quality information, process management, product design, workforce management and supplier and customer involvement. These dimensions were then tested for reliability and validity and, by doing so, described a clear framework for subsequent research and established a standard by which practitioners could evaluate the effectiveness of their quality management programmes. Through a detailed analysis of the literature, Ahire et al. (1996a) identified 12 constructs of integrated quality management strategies, namely, top management commitment, customer focus, supplier quality management, design quality management, benchmarking, SPC, internal quality informatio

Several writing exercises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Several writing exercises - Essay Example d to the accumulation of wealth, it suggests a life against nature: wealth, according to Aristotle, is only a means to something else; it has no meaning as a self-sufficient goal. Man finds happiness in the performance of his/her human craft. Happiness is the energy, movement, action, and force of the activity of the soul in the implementation of a virtue, performed in one’s life until the end, and in accordance with reason (logos). Perfection, according to Aristotle, is a practical implementation of one’s purpose in life, providing people with both successes and failures. It is a way of self-affirmation in the face of external circumstances. In the second book, Aristotle gives the definition of virtue. Aristotle considers virtue as an inner moral perfection, which became part of the habit. Its culmination is manifested in the activities of the upper part of the irrational soul, full of desires, but restrained by reason. It is a perfection of a reasonable desire, i.e. v irtue manifests itself in human ability to adapt to different situations. 2. Certainly, ethics has a special meaning for me, because I am convinced that it is necessary for each person for his/her harmonious coexistence with other people. Lack of ethics can lead to the collapse of social equilibrium, because ethics defines a respectful, honest and fair cooperation between people. The main importance belongs to applied ethics, which can be defined as an ethics that â€Å"draws upon ethical theory in order to ask what a person is obligated to do in some very specific situation, or within some particular domain of action (such as business)† (â€Å"Ethics†). Ethics, including applied ethics, have several sources. In particular, parents can be seen as one of the first sources of ethical education. Parents give the basics of ethical conduct, which is guided by the knowledge of the differences between good and bad deeds. However, parents are not the only source of ethical education. School ethics plays

Performance Evaluation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Performance Evaluation - Case Study Example Lastly, the current evaluation form rates an employee on a scale that is not clearly defined. The use of ‘medium’ and ‘low-medium’ ratings can have different meanings and can form different perceptions on raters and cannot be quantified as well as some other rating scales might do. These ratings are also relative to the performance of others and thus might not accurate portray the performance of the employee and his commitment to the organization. A1. Some of the most commonly used sets of criteria used to evaluate the performance of an individual on the job are skill set, contribution towards the overall mission and goals of the company, and an employee’s work ethic. B. Evaluating based on overall contributions can be done based on criteria like sales figures, number of contracts negotiated and won and other task-related criteria. This set is perhaps most valuable because it sends a message to the employees that they shall be evaluated based on what they achieve for the company. Thus employees shall be more inclined to meet targets. In situations where an employee’s contributions can be quantified, this set of criteria can prove to be quite useful. When evaluating based on work ethic, an employee’s punctuality, friendliness, honesty, motivation and absenteeism are all taken into account. This set is valuable to an evaluator because in working environments that require low absenteeism and group harmony, the employee will be judged on how he fares across these dimensions. This set of criteria can of course be modified according to the needs of the organization and the individual. Lastly, examining an employee’s skill set is also an integral part of evaluations. It helps understand an employee’s strengths and weaknesses and provides a broader view of an employee’s performance. C. Advantages: There are many advantages of getting feedback from supervisor, subordinates and peers. A 360-degree evalua tion provides a more rounded feedback to the employee. It helps the employee in understanding the areas he needs to improve upon in order to develop as one of the leaders in the organization. This type of feedback provides the employee with more detailed information which can be useful in developing the employee’s career. D. Disadvantages: Personal issues may affect the accuracy of evaluations as some subordinates, supervisors and peers may give biased or dishonest opinions. Secondly, supervisors may deliberately give lower ratings so as to protect their own jobs and avoid the risk of being surpassed by their subordinates. If a particular employee is a favorite of the supervisors, he/she may be rated higher than others and have their contributions recognized quicker than others. Lastly, each rater can have a different viewpoint of performance so consistency will be lacking across different raters’ evaluation E. Three data analysis tools for performance appraisal are pa ired evaluation, graphic rating scale and management by objective (MBO). The paired comparison style is used when a lot of relevant options are present. Each option is compared to the others in the list and given a score and the option with the highest score is selected at the end. The paired comparison style is useful in situations when there are plenty of options available and where priorities are not clear. However, it is not

Evolution of US Films Since the 1880s

Evolution of US Films Since the 1880s To what extent has film in the US evolved from the 1880s to modern day? Candidate Name: Dimitri Grigorov Abstract Film has gone through a drastic evolution since it began in the 1880s. There were 5 main stages regarding the evolution of film in the US. The Silent Period lasted from 1895 to 1929. This period brought the first films to the US. These films were black and white and featured no sound, other than some possible instrumentals. Silent movies appealed largely to illiterate immigrants because they didnt have to read, and it was a simple form of entertainment. The Classical Period lasted from 1930 to 1945. This time period was a huge leap forward because sound was introduced to movies. It was a new way to watch movies and people loved it. The Postwar Period, which lasted from 1946 to 1959, was the most historically significant era in the film world. The Transitional Period lasted from 1960 to 1979 and introduced new ideas to cinema that would shape the movies of today. The time period we are in now is known as the Contemporary Period and began in 1980. The Contemporary Period benefitted fro m technological advancements, and more elaborate films were made using CGI. Each time period had its own movements and iconic directors. Investigation Film has evolved since it began in 1880s. Film has gone from short black and white stop motion clips, to full fledged color spectacles with expensive special effects. It has gone from a fascinating gimmick to a new form of art. A lot can happen in the course of a century, and film has definitely changed in drastic ways. Film is an art. It influences people to change the world and to express themselves. Film gives people insight and inspiration in the darkest of days. In the late 1880s various people began experimenting with photo, blending them together to give the illusion of a motion picture. The technology and difficulty to capture that sort of video made motion pictures rare (boyslife.org). The first movie is a controversial subject. There are many differing opinions. Some believe it was The Horse In Motion, directed by Eadweard Muybridge in 1878. This groundbreaking motion photography was accomplished using multiple cameras and assembling the individual pictures into a single motion picture. Its something that you could do today, using a few cameras that are set to go off at an exact moment (lavideofilmmaker.com). The movie was created to answer a popular question of the time: Are all four of a horses hooves ever off the ground at the same time while the horse is galloping? The video proved that they indeed were and, more importantly, motion photography was born (boyslife.org). Not all people consider this film the first one, though. Some think the first film was Roundhay Garden Scene, released in 1888. Its a short clip directed by French inventor Louis Le Prince. While its just 2.11 seconds long, it is technically a movie (boyslife.org). According to the Guinness Book of Records, it is the oldest surviving film in existence (boyslife.org). Eventually, films got longer. Brothers Auguste and Louis Lumià ¨re became prominent figures in the film world. They created various short films and were among the first filmmakers in history. Their films were unique at the time because instead of lasting a few seconds, they lasted a few minutes. The brothers even infused some comedy into their films. In one scene, a man is watering his garden, while a boy is stepping on his hose. The man, not noticing the boy, wonders why water stops pouring out of it. This slapstick humor would later become more prevalent in films such as Charlie Chaplin. The Lumià ¨re brothers were also iconic in the film world because they devised an early motion-picture camera and projector called the Cinà ©matographe (cinema is derived from this name), according to britannica.com. This device was a leap forward because it allowed more people to simultaneously watch films. Previously, only one person at a time could watch . Originally, the device was invented and patented as the Cinà ©matographe Là ©on Bouly by French inventor Là ©on Bouly on February 12, 1892. Bouly coined the term cinematograph, from the Greek term for writing in movement. Due to a lack of money, Bouly was unable to develop his ideas properly and maintain his patent fees, so he sold his rights to the device and its name to the Lumià ¨re Brothers. In 1895, they applied the name to a device that was largely their own creation. They made their first film, Sortie de lusine Lumià ¨re de Lyon, that same year (wikipedia.com). By 1895, the silent film era arrived. The earliest American films were primarily a working-class pastime. Because they told stories without words, they appealed to the large, mostly illiterate immigrant population in the United States (the-artifice.com). After 1900, film became a more middle-class phenomenon, as filmmakers exploited films storytelling potential by adapting bourgeois novels, which incorporated middle-class values, for the screen (sparknotes.com). Until 1914, the major national film industries were located in Italy, France, and the United States. When World War I came, it devastated the Italian and French film industries, allowing American producers to gain the lead on the global market. The major American production companies combined their film technology patents and used their patent leverage to implement block booking on exhibitors (movie theater owners), which forced them to buy lower-quality product along with high-quality product (sparknotes.com). These exhibitors fought back by buying small production companies, and eventually managed to beat out the major producers because they were quicker to adopt feature-length films, which proved to be more commercially successful than the earlier shorts. From 1907-1913, many production companies moved from New York City to Los Angeles to work in the warm weather that allowed for year-round outdoor production, giving birth to the Hollywood film industry. The costs associated with vertical integration (the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies) forced Hollywood studios to seek investment from Wall Street bankers. This development, along with the industrial modes of production pioneered and the bourgeois storytelling conventions introduced, turned Hollywood into a profit-driven enterprise and its films into commercial products (sparknotes.com). One of the most prominent figures in US silent film was Charlie Chaplin. Between 1914 and 1918, Chaplin became the first international film star when he wrote, directed, and starred in short films as the Tramp, a silly figure with baggy pants, big shoes, funky mustache, snazzy suit, and cane. For Chaplin, comedy was a way to examine the impact of social conventions and taboos on personal freedom and happiness. His Tramp character had lots of charisma: sensible, brave, and wise but also flirty, vulnerable, and socially awkward. Chaplins criticism of leaders, moral and political issues, and material and psychological divisions between classes and genders reached its high point in later feature-length works, such as City Lights and Monsieur Verdoux (sparknotes.com). Film was making a name for itself. The idea of pictures coming to life was fascinating on a deep level. This kind of thing was universally recognized and respected. Movies with sound arrived on the scene. The era between 1930 and 1945 was called the Classical Period and was a monumental leap forward for the film world. The transition from silent to sound films caused great change in the film industry, requiring costly renovation of production studios and movie theaters, ending the careers of many silent film stars, and making it more difficult to sell films abroad. Hollywood took some time to overcome the artistic and technical challenges of sound film production, and the result was several years of bland output. For European filmmakers, production costs were expensive because Hollywood studios owned the patents to the new sound technology and licensed it at an expensive price. This allowed the US to continue to be dominant in the film world (sparknotes.com).By the mid-1930s, Hollywood entered a period of unmatched success and prosperity, with five major studios (Paramount, Warner Brothers, MGM, RKO, and Twentieth Century Fox) and three minor studios (Universal, Columbia, and United Artists) introducing unique styles, genres, and stars. In 1934, under pressure from religious organizations such as t he Legion of Decency, Hollywood implemented a Production Code that censored the content of its films, filtering out portrayals of lewd sexuality, bad language, graphic violence, and drug use. During World War II, Hollywood contributed enormously to the war effort through the production of propaganda films (sparknotes.com). Despite the shift in film themes, the industry was soaring. Then World War II came. The period between 1946 and 1959 was known as the Postwar Period (britannica.com). The war affected American filmmakers and audiences, leading to the production of dark, morally ambiguous and socially critical films in the film noir style. The US made various films depicting the USSRs idea of communism in a negative light. This anti-Communist sentiment flourished as the U.S.s former ally the Soviet Union became its primary enemy. In the 1949 movie The Red Menace, an ex-GI named Bill Jones becomes involved with the Communist Party USA. While in training, Jones falls in love with one of his instructors. After a duration of being true followers of communism, they realize their mistake when they witness party leaders murder a member who questions the partys principles. When they try to leave the party, the two are marked for murder and hunted by the partys assassins (wikipedia.com). New York Times journalist Bosley Crowther points out that the characters in the film are highly overdramatized and villainous to an unrealistic extent. She implies that this discredits the accuracy of the film. Nevertheless, the film was released to the American public, infusing them with skewed information. Another 1949 propaganda film, The Woman on Pier Thirteen, previously known as I Married a Communist, shares similar themes. In this film, Brad Collins, former stevedore, is rising fast in a shipping company when local communist agitators use his former Party affiliation to extort his help in stirring up trouble. When Brad resists, communist femme fatale Christine works through his brother-in-law Don. But Brads new wife Nan sees that her husband and brother are under pressure; when she investigates on her own, party boss Vanning takes ruthless action (wikipedia.com). Again, communism is being portrayed in a negative light and as a threat to Americans. Communist leaders are being shown as evil and bloodthirsty. HUAC was formed to combat the threatof Communism. This organization tried professionals suspected of having Communist ties. As a result of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) hearings, many of Hollywoods most talented actors, directors, and screenwriters were blacklisted by the studios because of suspected ties to the Communist Party. Some moved to Europe, some continued to work by using colleagues names as fronts, and others saw their careers and lives ruined (sparknotes.com). In response to competition from the new medium of television, Hollywood made films that showcased cinemas distinctive qualities: stereophonic sound, large screen size, and color images, benefiting from the emergence of widescreen technology and better color film stock. By the mid-1950s, the blacklist and new technologies led Hollywood to concentrate on apolitical, spectacular films such as biblical epics, westerns, and musicals. A 1948 Supreme Court decision forced Hollywood studios to end their vertical integration policies, making the marketplace more competitive and increasing opportunities for independent and foreign producers (sparknotes.com). The Postwar Period is when many of the most influential directors of all time arose. People like Orson Welles and Alfred Hitchcock, directors who are still well known today, got their start in this era. These directors would go on to be the inspiration for many modern day directors. Orson Welles is very well known because he was one of the youngest directors of all time. In 1940, Welles signed a $225,000 contract with RKO to write, direct and produce two films. The deal gave the young filmmaker total creative control, as well as a percentage of the profits. At the time, this was the most lucrative deal ever made with an unproven filmmaker. Welles was just 24 years old (biography.com). Unlike many of his contemporaries, Welles gained international recognition mostly on the basis of only that film, which was Citizen Kane (1941). The film is full of technical innovations, including crane shots, overlapping dialogue, multiple audio tracks, purposely grainy film stock, and low-angle photography. It explores themes that Welles would revisit throughout his career: the corruption of power and wealth, the fine line between desire and obsession, the precariousness of knowledge, and the limits of ego and ambition. Welless use of deep focus, long takes, and special lighting influenced a generation of filmmakers working in the postwar film noir and realist styles. Though rejected by audiences and undermined by studio executives throughout his career, Welles still managed to make several more highly acclaimed films, including The Lady from Shanghai (1948) and 1958s Touch of Evil (sparknotes.com). Perhaps the only director more iconic to this era was Alfred Hitchcock. In a career spanning half a century, Hitchcock got acclaim in both his homeland Britain and Hollywood. He directed some of the most memorable films of all time, including The 39 Steps (1935), Vertigo (1958), and North by Northwest (1959). Influenced by German expressionism and Soviet montage, Hitchcock used detailed visual and aural compositions to express his protagonists feelings of paranoia and claustrophobia, along with complex editing to create suspense. With a self awareness of society, Hitchcock examined the abnormal perversions and obsessive desires lurking beneath the surface of ordinary lives and communities, enabling him to become an astute observer of America in the 1950s, the decade during which he directed his greatest films (sparknotes.com). He would later be deemed as the master of suspense. By the time 1960 arrived, yet another era of film history began. The time between 1960 and 1979 was known as the Transitional Period. This period had its ups and downs but would eventually shape the modern movies we watch today. By the 1960s, Hollywood was in decline, unable to keep up with the radical political and cultural developments transforming American society. European films, however, fueled by government funding of film production, achieved unprecedented levels of critical acclaim and box-office success. The sophistication and creativity of these films led to the recognition of cinema as an artistic medium, not simply a form of mass entertainment (sparknotes.com). In contrast, Hollywood films in the early 1960s seemed devoid of style, boring, and out of touch. Less and less studio productions brought revenue. Hollywood reacted by cutting costs, entering into partnerships with independent and foreign producers, and allowing more flexibility in terms of experimentation (sparknotes.com). One exception to the low quality films produced in the 1960s was Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho. This film shocked audiences with a twist ending that audiences werent used to. The film was quite progressive for its time as well. The twist was that a man was dressing as his mother, taking on her identity, and killing women. Cross dressing, other than for comedy, was not popular yet and the fact that Hitchcock was daring enough to include this in his film, proved again to audiences that he was a force to be reckoned with. Still, most movies in the early 1960s were of lower quality unil Hollywood underwent another change in 1968. In 1968, the decades-old Production Code was scrapped, and the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) began to issue movie ratings, which enabled the industry to make more daring and challenging films. These changes, along with a middle-class migration to the suburbs that left urban movie theaters in disarray, led to new genres such as exploitation and hardcore pornography (sparknotes.com). More famous directors got onto the scene in the Transitional Period. One of these directors was Francis Ford Coppola. He directed four of the most important American films of the 1970s-The Godfather (1972), The Godfather Part II (1974), The Conversation (1974), and Apocalypse Now (1979). Coppola was also an accomplished producer and writer. Along with George Lucas, Martin Scorsese, and Brian De Palma, he was part of the first generation of filmmakers to attend film school. His training enabled him to combine visceral visual imagery, compelling storylines, and dynamic editing in order to create iconic portraits of American interests, whether at home or abroad. Coppola was renowned for his biting critique of the power dynamics of individual and family ambition amid the corrupting influence of American capitalism and imperialism (sparknotes.com). John Cassavetes was another memorable director from the Transitional Period. Considered the founding father of American independent cinema, Cassavetes was also a talented actor who accepted roles in Hollywood in order to fund his own films. His commitment to making films outside of the studio system became legendary and influenced a generation of American independent filmmakers. Cassavetes rejected the formulaic plots, essentialist characterizations, and tidy narrative resolutions of Hollywood cinema. His most influential films, Faces (1968), Husbands (1970), and A Woman Under the Influence (1974), feature iconic acting performances that reveal the raw emotional energy of human interaction, chronicling the struggle of characters to express themselves honestly and fully under the pressure of linear social and moral conventions (sparknotes.com).One of the few filmmakers to connect with the American counterculture was Arthur Penn, whose Bonnie and Clyde (1967) became the emblematic film of its generation. Influenced by the style and politics of the French New Wave and American underground cinema, Penn sought to overturn Hollywoods staid representational conventions. Bonnie and Clyde incorporates many of the characteristics that would define American cinema for the next decade: romantic anti-establishment heroes, explicit treatment of sexual and psychological issues, a negative portrayal of authority figures and societal institutions, graphic depiction of violence, genre hybridity (often a mixture of comedy and drama), and a refusal to resolve narrative conflicts tidily (sparknotes.com). By 1980, we reached our time period, the Contemporary Period. Multinational corporations bought and merged many movie studios, ending the period of artistic experimentation in Hollywood. The industry has returned to financial success and global dominance through the development of blockbuster franchises, large-scale marketing campaigns, and content aimed at children. It also has placed increasing emphasis on spectacular special effects in order to draw audiences into movie theaters. CGI was huge in this time period (empireonline.com). The emergence of affordable digital video cameras and the growth of the film festival circuit have expanded the possibilities for independent filmmakers around the world to produce, distribute, and exhibit films (sparknotes.com). American independent film has flourished in the past 25 years, as well, emerging as a voice for those who do not identify with the image of America that Hollywood has projected. Independent films often contain explicit treatments of sexual, political, and psychological issues and avoid formulaic plots with happy endings and clearly defined characters. They are made by and for women (Susan Seidelman, Julie Dash), racial and ethnic minorities (Charles Burnett, Lourdes Portillo), gays and lesbians (Todd Haynes, Su Friedrich, Julie Zando), working classes (Michael Moore, John Sayles) and other groups who are not adequately represented in mainstream cinema. Harmony Korine, John Waters, Jim Jarmusch, David Lynch, Terry Zwigoff, and Todd Solondz make films full of dark humor that explore the lives of social misfits who are often ignored or ridiculed in Hollywood films. The success of the independents has led many Hollywood studios to establish subsidiaries that distribute smaller-budget fil ms, blurring the lines of distinction between industrial and independent cinema. Key films include Jim Jarmuschs Stranger than Paradise (1983), David Lynchs Blue Velvet (1986), Steven Soderberghs Sex, Lies, and Videotape (1989), Spike Lees Do The Right Thing (1989), Quentin Tarantinos Reservoir Dogs (1992), and Wes Andersons 1998 film, Rushmore (sparknotes.com). Documentaries also soared in recent years. Challenging the tenets of direct, traditional cinema, many recent documentary filmmakers have included autobiographical and subjective elements in their films. Michael Moore and Marcel Ophuls insert themselves prominently into the fabric of their social and historical documentaries, both as on-camera interviewers and through voice-over, presenting themselves as near-mythical pursuers of truth and justice. Ross McElwee and Sadie Benning make introspective, essayistic films about their lives. Chris Marker and Marlon Riggs combine autobiography with political and philosophical analysis. Key films include Markers Sans Soleil (1983), McElwees Shermans March (1986), Ophulss Hà ´tel Terminus (1988), Moores Roger Me (1989), Riggss Tongues Untied (1990), and 1992s Bennings It Wasnt Love (sparknotes.com). The Contemporary Period gave us many of the directors we know and respect today. Directors like Steven Spielberg reinvented the way Hollywood works, and people like Oliver Stone brought a new edge to cinema. Spielberg has been at the forefront of Hollywoods reemergence as a dominant global industry. His 1975 film Jaws became the first modern blockbuster, revolutionizing the way Hollywood films are distributed and marketed. Jaws was released simultaneously in over 400 theaters, marketed extensively on national television, and timed for release in the summer, which linked thematically with its subject matter. In the 1980s, Spielberg showcased his storytelling talents with a series of hugely successful science fiction and adventure films such as Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial (1982), which explicitly appealed to younger audiences. These films brought families back into theaters with compelling stories that were in line with Reagan-era ideals of family values and American moral and technological supremacy (sparknotes.com). Unlike that of Spielberg, Stones controversial career has been defined by its rebuttal to modern American values and trends. In a period when American films have become less historical and oppositional, Stone has made four of the most important political films of his generation, Salvador (1986), Platoon (1986), Wall Street (1987) and JFK (1991), in which he looks critically at Americas military-industrial complex, capitalist institutions, and foreign policy. In an era defined by minimal political dissent, Stone has managed to produce controversial, instigating films because his considerable storytelling abilities have made many of his films commercially successful (sparknotes.com). Film has become a massive part of our society. Film influences pop culture, language, and fashion. Some movies teach us crucial life lessons, some expose American corruption, and some just provide us some much needed entertainment. The industry has evolved a lot since it began over a century ago. Every time period mentioned in this essay brought advancements to film. The Classical Period was a huge upgrade from the Silent Period because of the transition to sound. The Postwar Period was the most historically significant period of film. The Transitional Period reinvented the way Hollywood worked. The Contemporary Period shaped the films of today by introducing new concepts such as CGI and blockbuster multi part series. This is important because we can use films as doorways to the past. You can read about history, but to see it played out onscreen is incredible. By looking at films in the 60s, you can see how fashion then differed from the fashion we express today. By looking at a movi e from the 90s, you can see what slang was used back then. Film has shaped the world we live in today and will continue to do so in the future. Bibliography Eisenstein, S. (Director). (1925). The Battleship Potemkin [Motion picture on DVD]. Russia. Colman, D. (2011, September 20). The Birth of Film: 11 Firsts in Cinema. Retrieved October 04, 2016, from http://www.openculture.com/2011/09/the_birth_of_film_11_firsts_in_cinema.html Most Influential, Significant and Important Films in American Cinema Introduction. (n.d.). Retrieved October 04, 2016, from http://www.filmsite.org/mostinfluentialfilms.html 11 Essential Camera Techniques in Filmmaking With Animated Images. (n.d.). Retrieved October 04, 2016, from http://www.lavideofilmmaker.com/filmmaking/film-techniques.html Fox, D. (2015, October 20). The Room. Retrieved October 04, 2016, from http://moviepilot.com/ Bitoun, R. E. (2015, April 21). A History of Colour: The Difficult Transition from Black and White Cinematography. Retrieved October 04, 2016, from http://the-artifice.com/history-of-colour-film/ Semlyen, P. D. (2015, October 09). A History Of CGI In The Movies. Retrieved October 04, 2016, from http://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/history-cgi/ The Evolution of Acting. (2005, February 23). Retrieved October 04, 2016, from http://www.npr.org/series/4510430/the-evolution-of-acting The Film Rating System (CARA). (n.d.). Retrieved October 04, 2016, from http://filmratings.com/ Hurbis-Cherrier, M. (n.d.). Screenwriting. Retrieved October 04, 2016, from http://www.masteringfilm.com/the-key-stages-of-script-development-2/ Film Studies. SparkNotes. SparkNotes, 2011. Web. 17 Nov. 2016.